Varieties of Defence Co-Operation in Europe and their Worldwide Effects

Abstract

Defence co-operation in Europe is generally analysed around two dilemmas: an intergovernmental vs. a supranational Europe within the EU (Howorth, 2011), or a European defence vs. a NATO one outside it (Mérand, 2008; Faure, 2016). However, if these cleavages remain useful for studying the governance of defence policies in Europe (Mérand et. al., 2011), different types of European multilateral and NATO arrangements do not explain all the ambiguities or even contradictions that mark governmental strategies in Europe. Indeed, variation in ways of co-operating over defence have grown since the end of the 1990s, and this both in terms of defence and industrial policies and practices. Some have developed outside the scope of the EU via bilateral programmes (e.g. the Tiger Helicopter Programme: Krotz, 2011; the Lancaster House Treaty: Pannier, 2013) or ‘minilateralisms’ (e.g. The Weimar Triangle, OCCAR, Nordefco). A similar dynamic has occurred in the arms industry through the emergence of bilateral (e.g. KNDS) or ‘minilateral’ (Airbus, One MBDA) companies. The panel will gather papers that cover each variety of defence co-operation to explain their causation and effects on Europe and the wider world. The underlying claim is that this variety has great impact upon the outputs and meaning of European defence, together with how it affects the global political economy of this sector. Moreover, the panel aims to contribute to a transversal scientific controversy concerning the differentiation of European integration (Schimmelfennig and alii, 2015) through combining theoretical and methodological tools drawn from International Relations, Political Economy and public policy analysis.

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